Chapter 1 | The Vet books

Chapter One

Sheep diseases

1- Enterotoxaemia ovis

Cause: Etiology

Serotypes of Clostridium perfringens type B. C. D

Type B (dysentery or lamb’s diarrhea): It affects baby lambs 1-15 days old, after which lambs are not infected with this type of clostridia again.
Type C (shock-stroke): usually affects sheep over a year old.
Type D (pulpy kidney): primarily affects lambs over 15 days of age and sheep at one year of age.

Symptoms:

– The super-acute phase: there is no symptom other than the sudden death between the fat and young sheep.

– Acute phase: * Loss of appetite and high temperature.

* It may eat pebbles and dirt.

* Severe bloating occurs in the rumen with diarrhea and falls on the ground.

Necropsy findings:

– All viscera are congested with accumulation of yellow fluid around the heart in particular and in the other cavities in general.

– Gall Bladder: congested.

– Intestine: We notice swellings with congestion and dilated blood vessels on the mesentery and intestine.

– Some lesions appear in the kidneys, which are enlarged and loose, with areas of hemorrhage.

Vaccination:

Only 2 ml for adult sheep and 1 ml for lambs. The vaccine is given subcutaneously in two doses as follows:

Pregnant ewes are given two doses, 4 weeks apart, with the second dose being two weeks before labour (in order to obtain the highest possible amount of antibodies transmitted through the colostrum).

That is, the vaccination be done in the 3.5 month of pregnancy and then the 4.5 month

Note:

If the disease occurs in a herd of sheep (unvaccinated), we should vaccinate them immediately, because the vaccine is an inactivated oil vaccine that contains a non-toxic toxoid.

Note:

If the pregnant ewes are not vaccinated, the lambs can be infected by type (B), which is dysentery of lambs, which happens from day (1-15) exclusively, as the immune system is immature and weak, and death occurs in the lambs (who are infected often die).

After the 15th day, the lambs will be safe from this type of enterotoxaemia, but it is possible that they will get shock-stroke disease (type C) or pulpy kidney (type D), so vaccination must be done as follows:

Solution:

Giving the lambs born to unvaccinated ewes antibiotics in small quantities orally with milk in order to raise the immunity of the uninfected lambs.

This is from the first day of their birth until the 15th day, when there is a mere suspicion of the presence of the disease in this herd or neighboring herds, and after the 15th day, the lamb will have survived the disease and the vaccination is carried out directly in two doses, the time between them is 4 weeks.

As for the lambs born to vaccinated ewes, they should be vaccinated at the age of (8 weeks) with two doses, 4 weeks apart (after the maternal antibodies are removed from the blood so as not to lose the immunity (antigen-antibody reaction).

2- Plaque of small ruminants

The disease appears frequently in fattening sheep, which are purchased from different environments, or among imported sheep that are bred in poorly ventilated barns and in which bad conditions lead to the activation of the virus and the appearance of the disease.

Cause:

A virus of the family of paramyxoviridae.

Symptoms:

Loss of appetite and fever.
Tachypnea, purulent serous discharge from the nose and eyes.
… etc.

Specific symptoms:

* Erosions and white colored ulcers on the gums and lips.

* Green, profuse and foul-smelling diarrhea that may be bloody leaving red patches on the inner skin of the buttocks.

* Enlargement of the anterior scapular phlegmatic nodes.

Necropsy findings:

The “most important anatomical feature” is the observation of red ulcers at the beginning of the pylorus.
Zebra lines may appear in the rectum.
Ulcers on the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and larynx.

Treatment:

The treatment is as follows:

First of all, isolate healthy sheep from infected ones:

Healthy sheep:
Improving the surrounding conditions and giving vitamins (AD3E-B) at a dose of one cup per barrel for sick and healthy animals.
Vaccination of healthy animals with P.P.R. “cattle plague” known to the common people as Abu Hadlan, because there is no Plaque of small ruminants’ vaccine available, which forms good cross-immunity in sheep, so we vaccinate healthy ewes and every calf over a month old (Do not vaccinate infected animals).

– For sick sheep:

* We isolate them from healthy animals.

* We inject them with oxytetracycline (30%) 2 ml for young sheep and 5 ml for ewes in which the disease has appeared.

* Give them antipyretics.

* Fluids are also given because the animal often dies due to dehydration, so we give them, for example (boiled barley water + electrolytes dissolved in water and given orally).

* The animal is also given soft, easy-to-eat feed.

* We also apply the topical treatment of oral lesions with: sodium bicarbonate, molasses or tomato paste + salt and garlic..

3- White muscle disease

The disease occurs in the spring when the ewes go out to the desert, which leads to a deficiency of selenium and vitamin E in the animal’s body, which affects the newborns and leads to vitreous degeneration in skeletal muscles and the heart, acute heart failure and death.

Cause:

Deficiency of selenium and vitamin E (which is found in green foods) as a result of:

Feeding mothers with fodders poor in vitamin E, and thus the deficiency is reflected in the newborns.
Storing feed improperly leads to the oxidation of vitamin E and thus its deficiency, which also leads to a deficiency of (Se).

Symptoms:

– A miscarriage occurs or the young sheep is born and walks abnormal steps (movement is difficult) where the animal lies on the ground (the dog sitting) and when it stands, it walks hardly.

– High fever and muscle tremors.

– Tachypnea and pulse, lethargy and emaciation.

– Refusal to eat or breastfed.

Necropsy findings:

– At the autopsy of the animal, degeneration and pallor of the heart muscle will be noticed, as it appeared to be striped (stripes in white and then red).

– We notice grayish-white dots on the muscles and clearly on the front and back legs.

– We may see hemorrhage on the muscles, cardiomegaly, and edema due to heart failure.

Treatment:

Giving the animal 1-2 ml of Isolene or any medicine containing (Vitamin E + Selenium) for 2-3 days
Giving the animal tonics and vitamins ED3A – B complex

If the animal does not recover, the cause is copper deficiency, and this disease is an irreversible disorder that must be treated quickly.

Note:

We must pay attention to the dose of selenium because high dose may poison the animal.

4- Copper Deficiency

Cause:

Lack of Copper in fodder and pastures.

Symptoms :

In adult sheep: the hair and wool fibers break easily, and the black hair around the eyes becomes white, so the area around the eyes appears as if the animal is wearing glasses.

As for lambs: weakness and cachexia are observed. When walking, the butt of the animal swings right and left, and different death rate occurs.

Note:

Copper is included in the composition of nerve cells, so animals that have symptoms are not expected to be cured, because damage to nerve cells is irreversible nor regenerative.

Treatment:

We give the animal copper to protect the rest of the herd and to compensate the deficiency, through drinking water or feed (“copper sulfate” ratio 1:2000).

Tetany in sheep (Magnesium deficiency)

It has been observed in the field that the disease affects lambs more than adult sheep, because lambs feed on milk from mothers who suffer from magnesium deficiency, so symptoms of the disease appear in them before their mothers.

Symptoms:

In lambs:

Symptoms last from 1-3 days.
The temperature is normal.
In the beginning, walking is robotly (raising one foot and lowering one foot), then it loses the ability to stand.
Muscle spasm, especially the muscles of the chest and jaws, where we sometimes notice the jaws clenching and the inability to open them, and sometimes the mouth remains open with froth coming out of it.
The ears are almost straight erect at the end of the disease.
In the eyes we notice nystagmus (shaking) and eventually exophthalmos.
At the end of the disease, we notice the body of the animal in tonic contraction then death.

In sheep:

Neurological symptoms are milder.
We notice the imbalance of movement, and when it stands and tries to walk it falls to the ground.
Sometimes we notice the rotation of the animal half a turn.
We notice nystagmus and protrusion in the eyes.
The ears are almost straight erect.

Treatment:

The treatment is by giving magnesium sulfate, preferably by injection or drinking.
Give a red muscle relaxant (Diclofenac)

Lambs often do not respond to treatment, while sheep respond by giving them a solution of lime that contains magnesium sulfate.

6- Contagious pustular dermatitis (infectious eczema):

Cause: A virus of para-pox

Orphan virus type

Symptoms: It has 3 forms:

1- Oral form

2- Hoof form

3- Genital form

* Oral form:

This form affects lambs, where small swellings and vesicles appear under the teeth and between them, they are dark red in color and can cause mild bleeding. In advanced cases, the teeth may fall out of the mouth and distort the shape of the gums. All of this hinders the animal from breastfeeding or eating.

The lesions appear around the lips and angles of the mouth in the form of red spots that turn into vesicles that burst, dry and fall off.

Treatment:

There is no causal treatment but treatment is symptomatic.

It takes a long time to recover. In this type particularly, a dose of the antibiotic tetracycline is given.
The crusts are never removed.
The local treatment of the lesion is carried out with the following antiseptics: Iodine + glycerine, after diluting it with water, then wetting the cotton with this solution and applying it to the lesion, then using a certain cream or ointment.
Salicylic acid or methylene blue can be used.
Giving young lambs’ soft food and breastfeeding.

7- Mastitis

Which is characterized by:

White water comes out instead of milk, accompanied with pus.
Swelling of the affected half of the udder.
Fever
Warmth of the affected area.
Lameness of the foot touching the affected part. Figure (1) (found at the end of the book)

Treatment:

1- Antipyretic: Metalgine – Analgin…

2- Gentamicin 10%

3- Imidine sulfate 33% intravenously.

4- Amoxicillin, LA is one of its trade names, the most important of which is Betamox – Tryxel.

No. 3-4 can be replaced by gentamox, if available.

The treatment is given for 3 days, with complete emptying the udder of milk, water and clots in it, washing it with warm water and massaging, then injecting the “Cephalox” juice containing cephalexin into it and emptying the udder 12 hours later and injecting it again and so on, we repeat the treatment every 12 hours for 3 days.

8- Mastitis:

Which is characterized by:

– Yellowish milk and watery in consistency

– Most likely, this infection is caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli.

Main treatment:

Giving the antibiotic Florfenicol, we treat the case for 3 days with the juices in the udder (Fig. 2). (Found at the end of the book)

9- The case of a little blood in the milk

This condition most likely occurs after birth and during the first week due to the excessive stretching of the udder tissue, which leads to a simple rupture of the blood vessels.

Treatment:

1- Giving Vitamin K one ampoule intramuscularly every day.

2- Giving a general antibiotic intramuscularly.

10 – Foot and mouth disease:

Large sheep are characterized by high immunity so the disease is often cured without treatment, but the risk lies in transmitting the disease to lambs through milk.

Symptoms:

– Simple lameness due to the presence of blisters between the hoofs and redness and swelling in the hoof area.

– High fever and loss of appetite.

– We may see thrushes the size of a lentil on the gums.

– It is characterized by an important feature, which is the sudden death of lambs under the age of 20 days (due to necrosis of the heart muscle), the lamb is normal, then breathing accelerates a little and dies within hours. Therefore, lambs must be isolated from their mothers, because the fever is transmitted through milk. In this case, lambs must be breastfed with cow’s milk, or we boil the milk of the infected sheep themselves, cool it then serve it, because boiling milk kills the virus.

Necropsy findings:

It is observed in lambs: the so-called tiger heart phenomenon, where the heart is striped with white lines and scattered spots.

Preventive solution:

Vaccination of sheep with the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, which is given in a dose of 1 ml to sheep, whether old or young.

Treatment:

Of course, here we do not treat the cause because the cause is viral and the treatment is symptomatic and the treatment is as follows:

– Using antiseptics on the lesion such as (caustic soda) and then put astringent materials such as (alum) to reduce the blood supply to the lesion until it is completely dry.

– Using of nutritional treatments (boiled barley + serums + ….)

2- Chlamydial polyarthritis

The disease appears where dampness and mud are present in winter, especially in poorly drained pens. Where lameness and difficulty in movement are observed with stiffness of the front legs, high temperature, swelling of the joints, and decreased appetite. The disease lasts longer than foot-and-mouth disease if it is not treated well.

Treatment:

1- Use of pain relievers such as Dicofenac Sodium or Metalgin, bearing in mind that Diclofenac should not be given to pregnant ewes.

2- Clotetracycline or oxytetracycline 20 or 30% given a dose every two days.

3- Making baths for the feet containing a specific antiseptic “povidone-iodine or copper sulfate”.

4- Giving intramuscular vitamins + vitamin E – selenium.

11- Trichophytosis

It appears on the skin of the nose, on the entire face or parts of it, on the head, ears and the skin of the back. It appears in the form of thick white scales in which hair falls out, and the animal rubs its nose against the walls and feeders constantly. It is a contagious fungal disease that spreads rapidly.

Treatment:

It is to do one of the following:

1- Soothe the lesion with oil, then rub it and remove the scales until slight blood appears. Then apply iodine and zinc oxide to the lesion, and there are special ointments containing iodine + zinc oxide.

2- Or after softening and removing the pest, you can apply burnt oil or any caustic substance.

3- A dose of Ivermectin can be sufficient to remove any condition with two doses of 2 ml for adult sheep and 1 ml for lambs under the skin. It can be repeated after 10 days. Healing of the lesion is marked by appearance of smooth skin free of scales, and then hair grows in it. The skin returns to its normal state after 15-20 days.

4- Or giving anti-fungal such as nystatin.

Pasteurellosis:

The disease most often appears in the summer when the temperature is high and as a result of bad accommodation, the coexisting Pasteurella germs become active in the body and cause disease.

The symptoms are as follows:

– Rapid breathing and abdominal breathing

– High temperature.

Sometimes runny nose, mixed with blood

Loss of appetite and lethargy, this is followed by death in most cases.

Necropsy findings:

The lung takes the marble shape, as the changes are symmetrically (Figure 3-4). (Attached at the end of the book)

Important Note:

Pasteurella germs may be accompanied with Mycoplasma, then the situation gets complicated, so the treatment is as follows:

Treatment:

Using oxytetracycline, which is specific to Pasteurella germs.
Using tylosin, which is specific to mycoplasma.
It is also preferable to give sulfadimidine intravenously.

The treatment lasts for 3-4 days and usually the disease is contagious in the entire herd, so the whole herd is treated for several days and then left for a short period after which it is vaccinated with the Pasteurella vaccine and given appropriate vitamins.

Parasitic Bronchitis and pneumonia:

Cause:

In sheep and goats: filaria Dictyocaulus, about 8 cm long.

In cattle: Dictyocaulus viviparus, about 6 cm long.

Its symptoms are similar to those of Pasteurella, but here the temperature of the animal does not rise, noting the following symptoms:

Frequent cough is observed and some worms may come out with sputum from the nose.
Diarrhea and swelling between the jaws may be observed in the animal, and the wool is easily plucked from the sheep. Figure (5). (attached at the end of the book)

Treatment:

We use pulmonary anti-parasitic, including:

– Tetramizole, Albendazole, which is given as two tablets for large sheep and one for young sheep. Ivermectin and other antiparasitics can also be used. Figure (5) (attached at the end of the book)

14- Fasciola hepatica

Cause: liver worms (Fasciola hepatica).

The disease appears in sheep that are in pastures contaminated with the parasite, such as swamps, ponds, riverbeds or streams.

Symptoms:

Firstly we notice weakness and emaciation.

We also notice edema between the jaws and sometimes the whole head is swollen

The gluteal region or the tail is stiff and the dung comes out in the form of threads

Treatment:

Give albendazole at the recommended dose.

15 – Formation of urinary stones in rams: Urolithiasis

These stones are formed in the urethra of the ram’s penis, the size of a lentil of white color. When formed, the animal shows the following symptoms:

Disturbance in appetite.
Signs of colic.
The animal lies on the ground and performs movements similar to the movements that the female performs during labour, and we can describe it with the expression “a ram giving birth” and here the urine comes out in the form of drops.

Solution:

Removing the penis from the foreskin after calming the animal and controlling it, holding the penis with a clean piece of gauze, then numbing it with lidocaine ointment or pouring the solution over it, then removing or cutting the area that contains the stone.

* Washing the area with an appropriate disinfectant and injecting a general antibiotic.

* Sometimes by massaging we notice disintegration of the stones and descent of urine naturally.

Conditions that lead to bending the head (neurological diseases) in sheep are:

1- Listeriosis: there is a high temperature. If neurological symptoms appear on the animal, it dies and we treat the rest of the herd. Appears sporadically.

2- Coenurus Cerebralis: there is no rise in temperature. If neurological symptoms appear on the animal, it dies and we treat the rest of the herd (albendazole pills).

3- Nose myiasis: there is no increase in temperature. If neurological symptoms appear on the animal, it dies and we treat the rest of the herd (Ivermectin).

4- Moniezia Expansa: There is no increase in temperature. Rarely seen in the field and diagnosed by opening the intestine and seeing the worms in the intestine. Here, too, the rest of the herd must be treated (albendazole pills).

Differential Diagnosis:

* When Listeria is suspected, we notice a rise in temperature, and we also do not see previous parasites in the brain, on the nose, or…..

* Therefore, a distinction is made between the previous types by detecting the parasites or sending samples to the laboratory and performing the necessary culture.

* Listeria bacteria in cultures are sensitive to the tetracycline group (chlor-tetracycline or oxytetracycline).

* We distinguish between nose myiasis and Moniezia Expansa by seeing these parasites in their places of parasitism.

Note: When nervous symptoms appear on the animal, the animal will often die, and we note that death is sporadic, so the rest of the herd must be treated to avoid the occurrence of other deaths.

Difference between Listeriosis and Coenurus

Listeriosis

Coenurus

Cause

Bacterial: Listeria monocytogenes

Parasite

Symptoms

– High temperature.

– marked congestion in the mucous membranes and conjunctiva with lacrimation.

– The animal walks with a swing to the right and left and rests its head on fixed objects, and we cannot return the head to its position.

– It can be treated with the except for the nervous symptoms.

– No high temperature.

– Mucus membranes are normal.

= The head is placed on the right, left or center.

-The animal walks in the opposite direction of the worm in the brain

Turns around, then stops, goes back to eating, and then repeats

– Not treatable

In the Coenurus Cerebralis, the dog that is with the sheep must be treated by isolating it for some days and giving it the commercial drug “Dronsett”, the active substance in it is parasiquantel, and burning its feces after treatment for several days.

Listeriosis Treatment:

1- Fluramphenicol, which is essential in the treatment.

2- Sulfa compounds can be used.

3- Or oxytetracycline.

4- Penicillin can also be used in high doses, but not with tetracyclines

Taenia solium:

Scientifically, the reason here is Moniezia expansa, which lives in the intestine and is attached to the intestinal wall and then separates from the intestinal wall when it reaches a certain length.

Then it coils around itself and may obstruct the intestines, causing shock to the animal, followed by sudden death, and this often happens in fat sheep. Animals that show symptoms cannot be treated.

The most important symptoms to be differentiated from the symptoms of enterotoxemia, whose symptoms are always mixed with the symptoms of Moniezia.

Symptoms:

– No high temperature.

-The animal moves its lips quickly, with its head down, as if the animal is eating sand.

– The animal falls to the ground and shows neurological symptoms such as: convulsions, dilated pupils, chewing movements, tightly clenched jaws, and foamy salivation from the mouth.

– Trembling in the legs and eyelids.

– Sometimes serous discharge may appear from the anus, following that is certain death.

Note:

Symptoms of enterotoxemia are similar to these symptoms, but in enterotoxemia:

The temperature rises.

Salivation is profuse.

The disease usually occurs when the pasture is changed or the type of feed is changed.

Tapeworm treatment:

– It is niclosamide at a dose of 3.75 mg per animal and it is given for prevention only. The treatment is given after the animals are starved for 12 hours (from dinner to morning) and also before the feed in the morning, then the animal is kept for 3-4 hours after giving the treatment without food.

– Niclosamide is either in the form of a powder or in the form of tablets.

– We note that the treatment of taeniasis is only preventive, while animals that show symptoms of the disease are never treated.

Inflammation of the eye:

Cause:

The rickettsia germs that live parasitic on the insects they transmit (ticks – fleas – lice…..)
Vitamin deficiency may be the reason in this case, especially vitamin A.

Symptoms :

Either one or both eyes are affected, where a white opacity appears covering the eyeball, and the animal may lose vision partially or completely due to the accumulation of fluid under the cornea, as well as swelling of the eyelids, and profuse lacrimation is observed.

Treatment:

The treatment is for 2-3 days

First:

Cortisone eye drops.
Apply eye ointment with gentamicin or udder juice of gentamicin

This is in individual cases

In case of large number infection, we give the animals a suitable antibiotic (gentamicin) by injection or orally.

Second:

Giving vitamins AD3E through drinking water.

19- Pseudotuberculosis

It is widely seen in the field, but it is difficult to diagnose by symptoms.

Often not detected until after death and autopsy of the animal.

Cause:

Coccobacillus Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

Symptoms :

1- A normal or slightly high temperature.

2- Difficulty breathing.

3- Breathing becomes quiet and slow. While the animal is standing, it is noticed that its body is rushing forward and backward with breathing.

4- Snoring may occur that gradually increases with the progression of the condition and the cause of snoring is the enlargement of the pharyngeal nodes.

5- Loss of appetite.

Important note:

The condition worsens during pregnancy, especially in the advanced stages of pregnancy, months 3-5.

Necropsy findings:

We notice tubercles of different sizes in the lung or at the branching of the trachea, which may reach the size of a fist, red in color, hard when opened. We notice the presence of white to yellowish cheesy materials, such as a cheese crust and its cross-section resembles an onion segment.

Treatment:

According to observation and personal experience, we note that after the symptoms appear clearly, treatment does not work at all, but early cases may be treated by chance without the doctor knowing the cause, but he suspected a lung infection and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and noted the animal’s response to treatment.

20- Dyspepsia

Cause:

Eating large quantities of grains “barley, wheat, corn or others.”

Symptoms :

1 – Distention of the rumen with doughy sensation on palpation.

2- Difficulty breathing.

3- Congestion of the mucous membranes.

In advanced cases you can notice exophthalmos.
Difficulty standing, the animal may lie on the ground due to inflammation of the sensitive plates, which indicate severity.
We may notice profuse diarrhea with undigested feed materials “cereals, wheat, barley …” the animal may vomit a large amount of grain, especially wheat.

*Very important note:

If more than 4-5 hours have passed and the animal lay on the ground, and you know that the animal had drunk water, do not give any treatment because the animal will inevitably die.

Treatment:

Treatment should start early as follows:

Surgical: you open the rumen, empty 2/3 of its contents, and put straw in the rumen with a little olive oil and rumen stimulants (or “transfer fresh rumen juice”).

Medical:

Giving laxatives (such as castor oil) should not be given to pregnant – magnesium sulfate – vegetable or mineral oils.
Giving rumen stimulants “Toffate – Oruminal – Propional………
Use antihistamines.
A dose of cortisone can be given.
Giving saline or glucose for compensation, in contrast to the substance that caused the glut, for example: barley contains sugars, so we give saline and sodium bicarbonate.

Simple Dyspepsia:

This case occurs when the sheep are fattened, so the breeder increases the concentrated feed, thinking that it will speed up the fattening. We note the inactivity of the animal and the lack of eating or lack of appetite.

Treatment:

1- Intramuscular injection of antihistamine.

2- Intramuscular injections of vitamins

For 2 days, the animal will start to recover

21- Inversion vaginae

How to notice it:

It appears when the female is lying down and sitting on the ground and disappears when it stands.

Causes:

There are many, including advanced age – genetic factor – large size of the fetus or the common twin pregnancy in goats and other reasons.

Solution:

The treatment is done in the position of the female standing, where the outer part of the vulva is washed, cleansed with appropriate disinfectants, then the vagina is pushed inward with the fingers and one or two suppositories of anti-inflammatories such as “Oxedema-Otemacycline…” are applied.

Then the labia of the vulva is sutured with two or more intermittent stitches with a thick silk thread, leaving an opening from the bottom for urination, then we give the animal general antibiotics such as oxytetracycline intramuscularly with an appropriate vitamins.

22- Diarrhea:

Either it is:

Dietary: (wet feed – increased fat in milk).

Parasitic: Coccidiosis – cryptic spores or fungi.

Bacterial (odorous diarrhea) Cause: E. coli – Salmonella – Clostridium perfringens.

Viral: severe diarrhea with a foul odor, we also can notice exophthalmos

Cause: Corona Virus – Rotavirus.

Treatment:

* The general principle in the treatment of infectious diarrhea:

1- Treating intestinal hypermotility by giving astringent substances (decoction of tea – decoction of pomegranate peels…)

2- Giving antibiotics (fluorphenicol – neomycin – tetracycline – streptomycin – sulfa + trimethoprim or sulfa-trim ….)

3- Treatment of dehydration (saline serums – subcutaneous or intravenous ringer – saline sachet ….)

4- Giving tonics such as (vitamins especially vitamin A to strengthen the intestinal wall in the form of injections…….)

* General principle in the treatment of non-infectious (dietary) diarrhea:

1- Correcting the bush and giving astringent substances sometimes may suffice.

2- Giving vitamins.

3- Treating dehydration (using Ringer’s solution…) if there is dehydration.

4- Sometimes use of antibiotics.

As an example of the types of treatments used in diarrhea:

In the case of bacterial diarrhea: the use of sulfadimidine intramuscularly or any antibiotic that affects gram-negative bacteria as mentioned previously.

In the case of viral diarrhea: isolate the animal and use a broad-spectrum antibiotic to avoid secondary infection + tonics + serums.

In the case of parasitic diarrhoea: give albendazole orally (20-30) cm or give albendazole pills according to the recommended dose.

Note: In severe cases, we give the animal (1-1.5) ml of atropine under the skin, as this reduces the bowel movement.

Note: In the case of diarrhea, the animal’s temperature is low and does not reflect the normal temperature of the disease.

23- Sheep pox :

Cause: sheep pox fever.

Symptoms

– High temperature of the animal and lack of appetite.

We notice smallpox pustules (reddish in color) in areas free of wool, especially under the buttocks or tail, on the udder and on the entire body, they appear as knots on the surface of the skin and appear clearly in the axilla and the medial surface of the thigh..

– Runny nose with excess lacrimation, congestion and edema of the eyelids.

– In lambs: lethargy, dizziness, high fever, and may die before the appearance of the characteristic smallpox lesions.

Treatment:

Treatment is symptomatic:

1- Giving a general antibiotic /20/cm of Benstrup intramuscularly.

2- Giving 20 cm of vitamin intramuscularly.

3- Use of Almycin spray on pests.

Prevention:

Sheep are vaccinated with smallpox vaccine 1 ml for big and small sheep, after they are born by 15 days)

A very important field note for smallpox:

1 – If the sheep are vaccinated at 3-4 months of pregnancy, the mothers are vaccinated and their offspring are vaccinated until the age of 3-4 months after birth.

2- If the sheep are vaccinated in the 4-5 months of pregnancy, then the mothers are vaccinated, while their newborns do not receive immunity.

3- Therefore, the newborns who came from unvaccinated or vaccinated mothers in the last months of pregnancy (4-5) does not receive the immunity, it must be given a dose of the vaccine after 2 weeks of birth (as in No. 2).

4- As for the newborns who have immunity (No. 1), should be vaccinated at the age of 3-4 months after birth

24- Swelling (enlargement) of the head in sheep:

A rare case seen in the field occurs in large and small animals.

Cause:

This condition occurs as a result of poisoning by the sturgeon plant when it grows in the spring or…..

Treatment:

The treatment that showed good results is cortisone + antihistamine.

Note:

There is a similar case in sheep caused by Clostridium edema type (A)

Where Clostridium penetrates through wounds on the head or as a result of breaking the base of the horns, causing enlargement of the head.

25- Gossypol poisoning:

This condition occurs when sheep graze on cotton crops after harvesting where the seeds are rich in gossypol.

Symptoms :

1- Low temperature of the animal.

2- Foamy saliva or frothy discharge from the mouth.

3- Tachypnea.

4- Simple distention of the rumen and protruding eyes.

5-loss of appetite.

The disease is inferred by asking the shepherd and knowing that sheep used to graze on cotton.

Treatment: The treatment is supportive and is done as follows:

– Animal injections anti-histamine + cortisone.

– Giving the animal a saline + vitamins intramuscularly.

– Oral administration of sugar may help.

26- Babesiosis

Cause: Babesiosis (rogue) or (blood parasites).

Infection spreads in late spring and throughout the summer in areas where insects are found, especially ticks, mites and fleas.

Symptoms :

1- Increase in temperature up to 41-42.

2- Yellowing of the mucous membranes, especially the membranes of the third eyelid and the vulva.

3- The animal is lying on the ground with rapid breathing and heartbeat.

4- Hematuria in the last stages of the disease.

5- Loss of appetite.

Treatment:

Giving a blood anti-parasitic such as diminazene stearate and others in the form of a water-soluble powder that is dissolved in water and given either intramuscularly or orally.
Giving oxytetracycline intramuscularly in an appropriate dose.
Giving tonics such as iron syrup and B12.
Giving vitamins AD3E-B complex intramuscularly.
The treatment is given once and the condition is most likely cured. If the infection persists, we give the animals a second dose.

27- Wounds complicated by worms infestation:

Cause: larvae of flies.

Treatment:

The wound is washed with an antiseptic, then it is painted with tar and sprayed with a spray containing an antibiotic, and the animal is injected with an external anti-parasitic.
Or we use insecticides on the wound and then wash it directly.

Or we inject ivermectin under the skin

The treatment continues 2-4 times until recovery.

28- Mange/ Scabies

Cause: Scabies parasites.

Symptoms :

Patches on the skin with dry scales that expand, hair loss in the area affected and severe itching.

Treatment:

Subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at an appropriate dose

29- Sheep swallowing nylon bags:

Symptoms :

– Loss of appetite and lethargy

– eating green fodder and leaving dry ones.

– Frequent bloating.

Diagnosis:

We feel the bags through the abdomen from the side of the rumen and we can hold them by hand

Here we ask the owner of the sheep if it is pregnant, and if it is not, then this is evidence of the presence of nylon balls or bags.

Treatment:

Surgical by opening the rumen.

30- Urinary tract infection

Differentiated from urinary stones, where urination is in the form of drops.

Symptoms :

– The back of the animal is arched, as the animal tries to urinate, but it cannot, and this condition is common in rams.

– The animal extends its legs and arches its back / such as the symptoms of colic / and the urine is cloudy and may contain blood

Treatment:

1- Intramuscular antibiotic use: Gentamicin + Enrofloxacin + Penicillin

2- Giving the animal atropine to relax the urinary sphincter.

3- Then the animal is given diuretics.

31- Presence of hard warts on the udder:

These warts are small in size and may be found on the nipples sometimes.

Treated with a suitable disinfectant such as “potassium permanganate + iodine + zinc oxide”.

Parotitis:

We notice a swelling that extends from the bottom of the ear to the neck, and this swelling is hot and painful for the animal.

Treatment:

Wash the area with warm water, then apply aquitol ointment for several days with an antibiotic injection: amoxicillin + gentamicin intramuscularly for several days. We notice within a week that both the swelling and the abscess disappear or become pointed, so we open and clean it like any abscess that is opened from the bottom with a scalpel and then with a finger, then we squeeze it, clean it, and then remove the pus inside it.

Then we apply iodine on the inner surface of the abscess after washing with a suitable disinfectant “oxygen water or povidone”, then we fill the space with a gauze soaked in wet tincture of iodine. Replace the gauze every 24-48 hours until the wound is healed with the use of intramuscular antibiotics.

33- Internal parasites

The sheep in this case suffer from weakness and inability to gain weight despite eating well and the quality of the feed is good. On examination temperature is normal and the movements of the intestine and breathing are normal.

Treatment:

Injecting ivermectin 2 ml subcutaneously for each animal + giving albendazole tablets orally.

34- Abortions in sheep and goats

As a result of the difficulty in knowing the cause, the herd in which the abortion occurred is prevented by giving:

1- Oxytetracycline 30% intramuscularly at the age of 3 months of pregnancy.

2- Sulfa + intramuscular trimethoprim.

3- Vitamin A D3E + B complex in the muscle.

And re-inject the same previous materials 15-20 days after the first injection.

35 – In sheep, after shearing wool, it is sometimes noticed that the temperature rises.

Either it got skin infections / as a result of cutting the wool with the skin /.

Or there was a change in the climate and a cold occurred that led to pneumonia.

Treatment:

Antipyretics +Antibiotics

36 – Conditions in which the animal suddenly falls to the ground (shocked)

In these cases, the animal is normal and suddenly falls to the ground and shows signs of illness:

Monisia expanza (wrongly tapeworm) + enterotoxemia + poisoning (insect bite or eating a poisonous plant) + dyspepsia